Surface Strength

The strength of the paper surface is particularly important in grades that will be exposed to tacky inks, as in the case of offset lithographic printing. Weakness in the paper surface can be revealed by such devices as the IGT printability tester, the Prüfbau test, wax pick tests (TAPPI Method T459), and to some extent by abrasion tests (TAPPI Method T476) and evaluation of dusting tendencies. Even a delamination test such as the Scott internal bond test or z-directional tensile tests (TAPPI Method T541) can be affected by low surface strength of some paper samples.
Strategies to improve the surface strength of paper fall into the two categories of (a) improvement of the inter-fiber bonding strength of the paper in general, and (b) focusing most of the improvement near to the surface of the sheet.
Size press application of starch, mixtures of starch and various copolymers, or various other polymer products used alone are the most common strategies to improve surface strength. The benefits can be focused more in the surface layers of the paper by increasing the amount of hydrophobic sizing agent added at the wet end.

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